Nearing the end of their life, they sit quietly for long periods of time, barely noticeable, before suddenly puffing out a cloud of smoke.
A mysterious new type of star nicknamed "old smoker" has been discovered hiding in the heart of our Milky Way galaxy, astronomers revealed on Friday.
The "peculiar" puffing behavior of these stars has never been seen before in such red giants, astrophysicist Philip Lucas said.
The international team of scientists behind the discovery had not been looking for such old stars during their 10-year survey, which took in hundreds of millions of stars across the sky.
Instead, they were using the VISTA telescope in the Chilean Andes to search for newborn stars—called proto-stars—which are prone to frequent, exuberant eruptions.
They spotted 32 proto-stars, "the largest number anyone has ever found before in one batch", said Lucas, a professor at the UK's University of Hertfordshire and lead author of a new study.
But lingering in the background was a "nice surprise", he added.
The old smokers were puffing right in the center of the Milky Way, a densely packed and metal-rich region called the Nuclear Stellar Disc.
"What was surprising about this new discovery is that we're seeing stars that were just sitting doing nothing at all," Lucas said.
Then abruptly the stars would become between 40 to 100 times dimmer, sometimes so faint that the telescope's infrared vision could barely spot them.
A couple of years later, seemingly without warning, they would return to their former brightness.
"Everything we have been able to learn about them suggests that this is a case of stars throwing off puffs of smoke—for reasons that we don't fully understand," Lucas said.
Those smoke puffs are thought to temporarily obscure the stars from our sight.
There are many more "heavy elements"—anything heavier than hydrogen and helium—in this region of the galaxy, which could create more dust in the star's atmosphere, Lucas said.
Exactly what puffs that dust out remains a mystery.
But if this theory is correct, then the amount of matter being thrown off by these stars could play a significant role in how heavy elements are spread throughout our galaxy—and beyond, he said.
Lucas emphasized that these were just early best guesses.
"We're just sort of scrabbling around trying to see what makes the most sense," he said.
The researchers spotted at least 21 old smokers but suspect there are many more out there.
The study was published in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.
